Политичка ревија 1/2022

ДЕМОКРАТИЈА КАО ИЗАЗОВ ПРОШИРЕЊА ЕВРОПСКЕ УНИЈЕ – СЛУЧАЈ ДРЖАВА ЦЕНТРАЛНЕ И ИСТОЧНЕ ЕВРОПЕ

Аутори
УДКУДК 321.7:341.171(4-672ЕU) Стране203-224 Година2022
Преузми PDF 10.22182/pr.7112022.10
Преглед истраживања

Сажетак

Циљ овог рада је да укаже како је демократија пронашла своје место у Политици проширења Европске уније и какви су исходи трагања за одговарајућим демократским стандардима у процесу проширења. Аутор узима пример држава Централне и Источне Европе и правећи дистинкцију између претприступног и постприступног процеса настоји указати на све предности, недостатке и проблеме са којима се Европска унија суочава(ла) у настојању да створи заједницу држава која ће почивати на униформним демократским принципима. Како аутор уочава, неопремљеност, али и неспремност Европске уније да делује у условима нарушавања демократских начела посебно се огледа на примеру одређених држава које су након Великог проширења приступиле и тиме достигле свој политички циљ – чланство. И док су били приметни позитивни исходи у току процеса приступања, са ступањем у чланство Европској унији руке готово да су везане, док државе Централне и Источне Европе постепено клизе по танкој демократској основи. Закључује се да се Европска унија са једне стране понашала опортуно свесно дозвољавајући оваква искакања, али и да јој мањкају институционални инструменти, као и политичка воља да се овакви проблеми покушају решити.

Извори и литература

Референце

  1. Ágh, Attila. 2016. “The Decline of Democracy in East-Central Europe: Hungary as the Worst-Case Scenario.“ Problems of Post-Communism, 63 (5–6): 277–287.
  2. Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy, 27 (1): 5–19.
  3. Birkelbach, Willi. 1962. Rapport fait au nom de la commission politique sur les aspects politiques et institutionnels de l’adhesion ou de l’association a la Communaute. Documents de seance 1961-1962, Document 122, 16 janvier 1962. = “Report on behalf of the Political Committee on the political and institutional aspects of accession or association to the Community. EP Working Documents 1961-1962, Document 122, 16 January 1962” [EU European Parliament Document].
  4. Boogards, Matthijs. 2018. “De-democratization in Hungary: diffusely defective democracy.“ Democratization, 25 (8): 1481–1499.
  5. Bútorová, Zora. ed. 1998. Democracy and Discontent in Slovakia: A Public Opinion Profile of a Country in Transition. Bratislava: Institute for Public Affairs.
  6. Cianetti, Licia, James Dawson, and Seán Hanley. 2018. “Rethinking ’democratic backsliding’ in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland.“ East European Politics, 34 (3): 243–256.
  7. Colton Timothy J., and Cindy Skach. 2005. “A Fresh Look at Semipresidentialism: The Russian Predicament.” Journal of Democracy, 16 (3): 113–126. doi: 10.1353/jod.2005.0041.
  8. Diamond, Larry. 2015. “Facing up to the democratic recession.“ Journal of Democracy, 2 (1): 141–155.
  9. Dimitrova, Antoaneta, and Larry Diamond. 2004. “International actors and democracy promotion in central and eastern Europe: the integration model and its limits.“ Democratization, 11: 91–112.
  10. Document 12016ME/TXT. 2016. Pročišćene verzije Ugovora o Europskoj uniji i Ugovora o funkcioniranju Europske unije Ugovor o Europskoj uniji (pročišćena verzija) Ugovor o funkcioniranju Europske unije (pročišćena verzija) OJ C 202, 7. 6. 2016, 1–388 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12016ME/TXT.
  11. Ekiert, Grzegorz, and Jan Kubik. 1998. “Contentious Politics in New Democracies: East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia, 1989–93.” World Politics 50 (4): 547–581. doi: 10.1017/S004388710000736X.
  12. Euobserver. 2015. “Merkel clashes with Orban on meaning of ‘democracy’” 3 Feb 2015, https://euobserver.com/beyond-brussels/.
  13. European Parliament. 2000. Briefing No 13. Slovakia and the enlargement of the European Union. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/enlargement/briefings/pdf/13a1_en.pdf.
  14. European Council Copenhagen 7–8 April 1978. 1978. http://aei.pitt.edu/1440/1/Copenhagen_1978.pdf.
  15. European Council in Copenhagen – Conclusions of the Presidency, 21–22 June 1993, SN 180/93. Brussels: Council of the European Communities, 1993. 21. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21225/72921.pdf.
  16. Grabbe, Heather. 2001. “How does Europeanization affect CEE governance? Conditionality, diffusion and diversity.“ Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 8 issue 6. doi: 10.1080/13501760110098323.
  17. Haggard, Stephan, and Robert Kaufman. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. NJ: Princeton University Press.
  18. Henderson, Karen. 2005. Back To Europe: Central And Eastern Europe And The European Union. Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  19. Huntington, Samuel. 1993. The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
  20. Janse, Ronald. 2018. “The evolution of the political criteria for accession to the European Community, 1957–1973.” European Law Journal, 24 (1): 57–76.
  21. Karatnycky A. et al. 1997. FREEDOM IN THE WORLD: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1996–1997. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/Freedom_in_the_World_1996-1997_complete_book.pdf.
  22. Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1959. “Some social requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy”. The American political science review 53 (1): 69–105.
  23. Lust Ellen. 2015. Unwelcome change: Understanding, evaluating, and extending theories of democratic backsliding. Department of Political Science, Yale University, 115 Prospect Street, Roskenkranz Hall, New Haven, CT 06520.
  24. Miščević, Tanja. 2016. „Savremeni izazovi politike proširenja Evropske unije na Zapadni Balkan.“ Politička misao, 53(2): 133–150.
  25. Mudde, Cas. 2015. “The problem with populism.” The Guardian, 17 Feb 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europe.
  26. Müller, Jan-Werner. 2015. “Should the EU Protect Democracy and the Rule of Law in Member States?” European Law Journal, 21 (2): 141–160.
  27. O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  28. Pech, Laurent. 2016. “The EU as a global rule of law promoter: the consistency and effectiveness challenges.“ Asia Europe Journal, 14 (1): 7–24.
  29. Powell, Charles. 2015. The Long Road to Europe: Spain and the European Community, 1957-1986, Working Paper, Elcano Royal Institute. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/dt9-2015-powell-long-road-europe-spain-european-community-1957-1986.pdf.
  30. Pridham, Geoffrey. 1991. „Encouraging Democracy: The International Context Of Regime Transition In Southern Europe.“ St. Martin’s Press.
  31. Pridham, Geoffrey. 2005. “The European Union’s Democratic Conditionality and Domestic Politics in Slovakia: The Meciar and Dzurinda Governments Compared.“ Europe-Asia Studies, 54 (2): 203–227. doi: 10.1080/09668130120116583.
  32. Pridham, Geoffrey. 2006. “European Union Accession Dynamics and Democratization in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Future Perspectives.“ Government and Opposition, 41(3): 373–400.
  33. Prime Minister’s Office [Hungary]. 2014. “Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp”, 26 July 2014, Tusnádfürdő (Băile Tuşnad), Romania, http://www.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/prime-minister-viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp.
  34. Richter, Swen, and Natasha Wunsch. 2019. “Money, Power, Glory: The Linkages Between EU Conditionality and State Capture in the Western Balkans.” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (1): 41–62.
  35. Rupnik, Jacques. 2012. “Hungary’s illiberal turn: how things went wrong.“ Journal of Democracy, 23(3): 132–37.
  36. Sadurski, Wojciech. 2003. “Accession’s Democracy Dividend: The Impact of the EU Enlargement upon Democracy in the New Member States of Central and Eastern Europe.“ Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 7/2003: 33–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0386.2004.00222.x.
  37. Schimmelfennig, Frank, Stefan Engert and Heiko Knobel. 2003. “Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey. “ Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (3): 495–518.
  38. Schimmelfennig, Frank, and Ulrich Sedelmeier. 2005. “Introduction: Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe.” In The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, ed. Frank Schimmelfennig, and Ulrich Sedelmeier, 1–28. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  39. Schlipphak, Bernd, and Oliver Treib. 2016. „Playing the blame game on Brussels: the domestic political effects of EU interventions against democratic backsliding.“ Journal of European Public Policy. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2016.1229359.
  40. Schneider, Eleonora. 1997. ‘Quo vadis, Slowakei? Von der eingeleiteten Demokratie zum Autoritarismus?’ (Köln: BioSt), Berichte 36/97
  41. Sedelmeier, Ulrich. 2019. “The European Union and democratization in Central and Southeastern Europe since 1989.“ In Central and Southeast European Politics Since 1989, eds. Sabrina Ramet and Christine Hassenstab, 539–562. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  42. Serhan, Yasmeen. 2020. ”The EU Watches as Hungary Kills Democracy.“ The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/europe-hungary-viktor-orban-coronavirus-covid19-democracy/609313/.
  43. Sitter, Nick, and Elisabeth Bakke. 2019. “Democratic Backsliding in the European Union”, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.
  44. Sitter, Nick, Agnes Batory, Joanna Kostka, Andrea Krizsan, Violetta Zentai. 2016. Mapping Backsliding in the European Union, TransCrisis Policy Brief D.1, Budapest: Central European University.
  45. Than, Krisztina. 2015. “Hungary’s Orban warns of ´democracy crisis´ in Europe over migrant quotas.“ Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-hungary-orban-idUKKCN0SO11820151030.
  46. Transparency International Hungary. 2020. The State of Emergency Must Be Limited in Time – says Transparency International Hungary. https://transparency.hu/en/news/the-state-of-emergency-must-be-limited-in-time-says-transparency-international-hungary/.
  47. Vachudova, Milada Anna. 2005. Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration After Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  48. Verney, Susannah. 2006. “Justifying the Second Enlargement: Promoting Interests, Consolidating Democracy or Returning to the Roots?“ In Questioning EU Enlargement: Europe in Search of Identity, Hellen Sjursen ed. London: Routledge.
Из истог броја

Повезане публикације