Српска политичка мисао 6/2025

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE SECURITY STRATEGIES OF THE USA AND CHINA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY – THE STRUGGLE FOR GLOBAL DOMINANCE

Аутори
УДКUDC 327:004.8:351.78(510:73)"20" Стране67-90 Година2025
Преузми PDF 10.5937/spm94-59859
Преглед истраживања

Сажетак

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing application across various sectors of the state and society necessitates monitoring, studying, and actively adopting knowledge and conclusions on the subject across all scientific fields. In recent decades, we’ve observed a comprehensive use of AI in the security strategies of major powers like the United States and China, resulting in a sort of race in developing new technologies and their application. The first part of the paper defines AI, outlines various classifications, and focuses on its use in the security sector. We then analyze the security strategies of the USA and China to identify the role of AI and plans for its development in the global power struggle. Based on this, in the last part of the paper, we present the personalities and differences between the security strategies of the US and China.

Извори и литература

Референце

  1. Allen, Greg, and Taniel Chan. 2017. “Artificial intelligence and national security.” Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. July 1, 2017. https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/artificial-intelligence-and-national-security
  2. Balbaa, Muhammad, and Marina Abdurashidova. 2024. “The impact of artificial intelligence in decision making: A comprehensive review.” EPRA international Journal of Economics 11 (2): 27–38.
  3. Bekker, Alex. 2019. “5 Types of AI to Propel Your Business.” Science Soft. May 13, 2019. https://www.scnsoft.com/blog/artificial-intelligence-types
  4. Bhutani, Rajeev. 2023. “China’s Military-Civil Fusion and Lessons for India.” Synergy 2 (1): 68–87.
  5. Bieber, Corey, Guillermo Christensen, and Brian Hopkins. 2024. “AI National Security Memorandum Scopes Key Priorities.” The National Law Review. December 3, 2024. https://natlawreview.com/article/ai-national-security-memorandum-scopes-key-priorities
  6. Bitzinger, Richard. 2021. “China’s Shift from Civil-Military Integration to Military-Civil Fusion.” Asia Policy 16 (1): 5–24.
  7. Bitzinger, Richard, Yoram Evron, and Zi Yang. 2021. “China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Development, Procurement, and Secrecy.” Asia Policy 16 (1): 1–64.
  8. Bloomberg. 2019. “China to Funnel $29 Billion Towards its Chip Ambitions.” Bloomberg. October 29, 2019. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-29/china-to-funnel-29-billion-towards-its-chip-ambitions
  9. Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office [CDAO]. 2024. Annual Report on AI Capabilities in Defense. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.
  10. Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office [CDAO]. 2025. CJADC2 Program Overview and Advana Architecture. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense.
  11. Chappell, Jim. 2020. Artificial Intelligence: from Predictive to Prescriptive and Beyond. Cambridge: Aveva.
  12. Clark, Joseph. 2023. “DOD Releases AI Adoption Strategy.” U. S. Department of Defense. November 2, 2023. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3578219/dod-releases-ai-adoption-strategy/
  13. Cohen, Charles. 2023. “AI in Defense: Navigating Concerns, Seizing Opportunities.” National Defense. July 25, 2023. https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/7/25/defense-department-needs-a-data-centric-digital-security-organization
  14. Creemers, Rogier. 2016. National Cyberspace Security Strategy. China Copyright and Media.
  15. Creemers, Rogier, Graham Webster, and Paul Triolo. 2018. Translation: Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China. Stanford: Stanford University.
  16. Department of Defense (DoD). 2019. DoD Artificial Intelligence Strategy: Harnessing AI to Advance Our Security and Prosperity. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  17. Department of Defense (DoD). 2020. DoD Data Strategy. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  18. Department of Defense (DoD). 2022. Summary of the Joint All-Domain Command and Control Strategy. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  19. Department of Defense (DoD). 2023. Data, Analytics, and Artificial Intelligence Adoption Strategy. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  20. Department of Defense (DoD). 2024. Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the PRC. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  21. Department of Defense (DoD). 2025. Statement on the Development of the 2025 National Defense Strategy. Washington: Department of Defense U.S.
  22. Despotović, Ljubiša, and Vanja Glišin. 2024. Geopolitika i kriptopolitika. Beograd: Catena Mundi.
  23. Đorić, Marija, and Vanja Glišin. 2023. „Upotreba veštačke inteligencije u rusko-ukrajinskom sukobu.” Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 25 (2): 59–76. DOI: 10.5937/pnb25-47369
  24. Dupont-Sinhsattanak, Alexandre. 2025. “Modernizing a giant: assessing the impact of military-civil fusion on innovation in China’s defence-technological industry.” Defence and Peace Economics, 1–27. DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2025.2460458
  25. Evron, Yoram, and Richard Bitzinger. 2023. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Military-Civil Fusion: A New Paradigm for Military Innovation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  26. Federal Register. 2019. “Executive Order 13859: Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (84 FR 3967).” The Daily Journal of the United States Government. February 11, 2019. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/02/14/2019-02544/maintaining-american-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence
  27. Gaba, Shivani, Ishan Budhiraja, Vimal Kumar, Shesikala Martha, Jebreel Khurmi, and Akansha Singh [Gaba et al.]. 2024. “A Systematic Analysis of Enhancing Cyber Security Using Deep Learning for Cyber Physical Systems.” IEEE Access (12): 6017–6035. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3349022
    Government Accountability Office. 2025. CJADC2 Progress and Challenges. Washington: GAO.
  28. Galán, Jose Javier, Ramon Alberto Carrasco, and Antonio LaTorre. 2022. “Military Applications of Machine Learning: A Bibliometric Perspective.” Mathematics 10 (9): 1397. DOI: 10.3390/math10091397
  29. Glišin, Vanja. 2024. “A Leader with the Vision of the Shared Future of Humanity.” Progress 5 (1): 153–157. DOI: 10.5937/napredak5-50218
  30. High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. 2019. A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines. Brussels: European Commission.
  31. Horton, Alex, and Hannah Natanson. 2025. “Secret Pentagon memo on China, homeland has Heritage fingerprints.” The Washington Post. March 29, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2025/03/29/secret-pentagon-memo-hegseth-heritage-foundation-china/
  32. Jinping, Xi. 2023. On building a human community with a shared future. Beograd: Albatros Plus.
  33. Kaplan, Andreas, and Michal Haenlein. 2018. “Siri, Siri, in My Hand: Who’s the Fairest in the Land? On the Interpretations, Illustrations, and Implications of Artificial Intelligence.” Business Horizons 62 (1): 15–25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004
  34. Márquez-Díaz, Jairo Eduardo. 2024. “Benefits and Challenges of Military Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Defense.” Computación y Sistemas 28 (2): 309–323. DOI: 10.13053/CyS-28-2-4684
  35. McCarthy, John. 2007. “What Is Artificial Intelligence?” Stanford University. November 12, 2007. http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/index.html
  36. McKendrick, Kathleen. 2019. Artificial Intelligence Prediction and Counterterrorism. London: Chatham House.
  37. Kania, Elsa, and John Costello. 2021. “Seizing the commanding heights: the PLA Strategic Support Force in Chinese military power.” Journal of Strategic Studies 44 (2): 218–264. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2020.1747444
  38. Koncová, Dominika, and Iveta Kremeňová. 2022. “Interoperability and Its Significance.” Transport and Communications 10 (1): 6–9.
  39. Martin, Isaac. 2025. “Breaking Down the DOD’s Chief Digital & AI Office Budget for FY25.” ExecutiveGov. February 14, 2025. https://executivegov.com/article/breaking-down-dod-cdao-fy25-budget
  40. National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence [NSCAI]. 2021. Final Report. Washington: NSCAI.
  41. Luknar, Ivana. 2024. Veštačka inteligencija: Izazovi i mogućnosti. Beograd: Medija centar Odbrana.
  42. Parker, Lynne. 2020. “The American AI Initiative: The U.S. strategy for leadership in artificial intelligence.” OECD.ai. June 11, 2020. https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/the-american-ai-initiative-the-u-s-strategy-for-leadership-in-rtificial-intelligence
  43. Pellerin, Cheryl. 2017. “Project Maven to Deploy Computer Algorithms to War Zone by Year’s End.” U.S. Department of Defense News. July 21, 2017. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1254719/project-maven-to-deploy-computer-algorithms-to-war-zone-by-years-end/
  44. Radun, Viktor. 2025. Na putu ka transčoveku. Beograd: Pešić i sinovi.
  45. Rashid, Adib Bin, Karim Kausik, Alhamed Al Hassan Sunny, and Mehedy Hassan Bappy [Rashid et al.]. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence in the Military: An Overview of the Capabilities, Applications, and Challenges.” International Journal of Intelligent Systems (4): 1–31. DOI: 10.1155/2023/8676366
  46. Reuters. 2024. “White House presses gov’t AI use with eye on security, guardrails.” Reuters. October 24, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/us/white-house-presses-govt-ai-use-with-eye-security-guardrails-2024-10-24/
  47. Ro, Christine. 2023. “On the warpath: AI’s role in the defence industry.” BBC. August 24, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66459920
  48. Russell, Stuart, and Peter Norvig. 2010. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. New Jarsey: Prentice-Hall.
  49. Sen, Gautam. 2019. “China’s Cyber Security Strategy: Global Implications.” Scholar Warrior, Spring 2019, 128–134.
  50. Scherer, Matthew. 2016. “Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 29 (2): 354–398. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2609777
  51. Shaohui, Tian. 2017. “International Strategy of Cooperation on Cyberspace.” Xinhua. March 1, 2017. http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/china/2017-03/01/c_136094371.htm
  52. Shalev-Shwartz, Shai, and Shai Ben-David. 2014. Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  53. Sheikh, Haroon, Prins Corien P, and Erik Schrijvers. 2023. Mission AI: The New System Technology. London: Springer.
  54. Smola, Alex, and S. V. N. Vishwanathan. 2008. Introduction to Machine Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  55. State Council. 2017. A [New] Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. Beijing: State Council.
  56. Stone, Alex, and Peter Wood. 2020. China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy. Alabama: China Aerospace Studies Institute.
  57. Spherical Insights. 2025. “Top 10 Artificial Intelligence Spending Countries in 2025: Statistics and Facts Analysis 2024 to 2035.” Spherical Insights. May, 2025. https://www.sphericalinsights.com/blogs/top-10-artificial-intelligence-spending-countries-in-2025-statistics-and-facts-analysis-2024-to-2035
  58. Takpah, Nathalie Essi Afefa, and Victor Oriakhi. 2025. “Cybersecurity Challenges and Technological Integration in Military Supply Chain 4.0.” Journal of Information Security 16 (1): 131–148. DOI: 10.4236/jis.2025.161007
  59. Wang, Weiyu, and Keng Siau. 2019. “Automation, Robotics, Future of Work and Future of Humanity: A Review and Research Agenda.” Journal of Database Management 30 (1): 61–79. DOI: 10.4018/JDM.2019010104
  60. Webster, Graham, Rogier Creemers, Elsa Kania, and Paul Triolo [Webster et al.]. 2017. Translation: China’s New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. Stanford: Stanford University.
  61. Wegner, Peter. 1996. “Interoperability.” ACM Computing Surveys 28 (1): 285–287.
  62. White House. 2022. National Security Strategy of the United States. Washington: White House.
  63. White House. 2024. National Security Memorandum on Artificial Intelligence (NSM-25). Washington: White House.
  64. Wu, Fei, Cewu Lu, Mingjie Zhu, Hao Chen, et al. [Wu et al.] 2020. “Towards a new generation of artificial intelligence in China.” Nature Machine Intelligence 6 (2): 312–316.
  65. Wübbeke, Jost, Mirjam Meissner, Max Zenglein, Jaqueline Ives, and Bjorn Conrad [Wübbeke et al.]. 2016. Made in China 2025: The making of a high-tech superpower and consequences for industrial countries. Berlin: MERICS.
  66. Xinhua. 2025. China releases white paper on national security. Beijing: The State Councile of China.
  67. Zhang, Hongzhou, and Shaleen Khanal. 2024. “To Win the Great AI Race, China Turns to Southeast Asia.” Asia Policy 19 (1): 21–34.
  68. Zhu, Julie, Kevin Huang, Yelin Mo, and Roxanne Liu [Zhu et al.]. 2023. “Exclusive: China to launch $40 billion state fund to boost chip industry.” Reuters. September 5, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-launch-new-40-bln-state-fund-boost-chip-industry-sources-say-2023-09-05/
Из истог броја

Повезане публикације